Determinants of Harmonious Facial Profile in Indonesian Javanese Children: Photogrammetric Analysis of 12–14-year old Students

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of harmonious facial profile in children aged 12–14-year-old Indonesian with Javanese ethnic group using photogrammetry. Materials and methods: This observational, cross-sectional study included 150 standardized facial profile photos of Indonesian Javanese children (75 boys and 75 girls) that were classified into three groups: less harmonious, harmonious, and very harmonious. Facial convexity angle, nasofacial angle, nasolabial angle, and mentolabial angle as determinants of facial profile were measured with Corel Draw Graphics Suite X7. The results of this study were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test with a 95% confidence level in SPSS software. Results: Facial profile determinants were significantly different (p < 0.05) among groups. Facial convexity angle and nasofacial angle were
different in boys, whereas in girls, the differences were observed in the facial convexity and nasolabial angle. In boys, harmonious facial profiles were defined with facial convexity angle (166.87 ± 5.13°) and nasofacial angle (29.91 ± 3.09°), meanwhile, in girls, harmonious facial profiles
were determined by total facial convexity angle (113.57 ± 7.71°) and facial angle (168.87 ± 5.78°). Conclusion: Determinants of facial profile harmony in Indonesian Javanese children aged 12–14-year-old were facial convexity angle and nasofacial angle in boys and facial profile angle and nasolabial angle in girls. Clinical significance: Determinants of harmonious facial profile in Indonesian Javanese children a valuable data for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment evaluation.