Systematic review on supplementation, fortification, and food-based interventions for preventing iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries

Background and Objectives: Prioritizing key preventive and therapeutic interventions is one of the actions to accelerate the reduction of anemia. This study aimed to examine interventions designed to prevent anemia. Methods and Study Design: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Analysis of publication bias was done using The Joanna-Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Data collected from articles included author, year of publication, setting and location of the study, study type, participant of the study, intervention and control given, main outcome, main findings, and risk of bias. Results: Three nutrition-specific interventions aimed at preventing iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries used various types and dosages of iron. While most studies showed success, some indicated a worsening trend in anemia, even with standard dosages and the same form of iron. Determining effective interventions requires consideration of factors such as other micronutrient composition, compliance rate, availability of educational intervention, and dietary backgrounds in those countries. Conclusions: Supplementation, fortification, and food-based interventions generally lead to higher hemoglobin levels and a lower prevalence of anemia. However, it is important to consider several factors before deciding on an approach. © 2025, Author(s).