Nanoemulsion of Paraserianthes falcataria Bark: A Bio-Anthelmintic Against Haemonchus contortus in Indonesian Small Ruminants

Haemonchus contortus infections pose a significant challenge to ruminant livestock productivity in Indonesia, a problem compounded by the increasing resistance to chemical anthelmintics. This study focused on assessing the anthelmintic potential of a Nanoemulsion of Paraserianthes falcataria Bark (NPFB) against Haemonchus contortus. The experiment involved exposing 20 H. contortus worms in separate petri dishes (50 mm) to NPFB at concentrations of 0 (negative control), 10 , 20 and albendazole (2 mg/ml) serving as the positive control. The worms were incubated at 37°C and monitored for mortality at intervals of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 hours. Mortality was confirmed by physical pressure and immersion in lukewarm water for 5 minutes. The time of death for each worm was recorded. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was then utilized to observe morphological changes in the worms, using an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0, with a descriptive analysis of the standard error of the mean. Qualitative analysis of the NPFB identified the presence of active compounds, including tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and steroids. Quantitative analysis determined that NPFB contained 13.3 mg GAE/g dw of total phenols, 7.4 mg RE/g dw of flavonoids, and 9.7 total tannins. The study found that NPFB demonstrated significant anthelmintic efficacy, achieving 100 mortality of H. contortus in vitro within 4 hours, compared to the positive control, which required 2 hours. SEM analysis revealed structural damage to the buccal region and cuticle of worms exposed to NPFB. The findings suggest that NPFB is a potent anthelmintic agent against H. contortus and could be a viable alternative to chemical treatments, addressing the growing issue of drug resistance. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.