The role of wildlife DNA forensics in combatting rhino horn trafficking: Lessons from Indonesian cases

Indonesia is home to two critically endangered rhinoceros species, the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatraensis), which face severe threats from illegal wildlife trade, particularly poaching driven by the demand for rhino horn. DNA forensics offers a promising approach to combat this illicit trade, enabling precise species identification and reducing the risk of misidentification in confiscated wildlife products. This study explores the application of wildlife DNA forensics in Indonesia, with a focus on recent case studies of confiscated rhino horn samples. Using the 12S rRNA marker, the research demonstrates the effectiveness of DNA analysis in confirming the authenticity of rhino horn samples and identifying counterfeit items. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from suspected rhino horns reveals distinct genetic clades corresponding to different rhinoceros species, providing strong forensic evidence for species identification. This research underscores the potential of DNA forensics to enhance law enforcement's ability to prosecute wildlife traffickers and protect endangered rhinoceros populations. To further strengthen forensic investigations, the development of population-specific DNA databases and standardized field procedures could improve the accuracy of species and geographic assignment while minimizing contamination. Rapid molecular detection tools, such as qPCR or genomics approaches, may also facilitate timely authentication of rhino horn samples in both laboratory and field settings. By integrating genetic technologies into conservation and legal frameworks, this study contributes to advancing wildlife forensics as a critical tool in global conservation strategies. © 2026, Associazione Teriologica Italiana onlus. All rights reserved.