Family Factors Associated With Bullying Among Adolescents in Asia: A Scoping Review

The present article discusses victimization, perpetration, and denial in mass atrocities, using four recent case studies fromSoutheast Asia. The four cases include Indonesia (in which hundreds of thousands died in anti-Communist violence), Cambodia(in which the Khmer Rouge killed more than one million civilians), East Timor (in which more than one hundred thousandcivilians died during the Indonesian occupation), and Myanmar (in which the state/army is accused of genocide toward theRohingyas). Our aim is to bring a psychological lens to these histories, with a focus on three processes relevant to genocide.We examine, first, how the victims were targeted; second, how the perpetrators were mobilized; and third, the denial,justification, meaning-making, and commemoration of the atrocities. We propose a novel theoretical model, TOPASC: ATheory of the Psychology of Atrocities in Societal Contexts, highlighting the psychology of atrocities as involving factorsacross the macro, meso, and micro contexts