Obstetrics care in Indonesia: Determinants of maternal mortality and stillbirth rates

Problem The Indonesian Healthcare Program starting in 2014 enabled access to healthcare delivery for large population groups. Guidance of usage, infrastructure and healthcare process development were the most challenging tasks during the implementation period. Due to the high social impact obstetric care and related quality assurance require evidence-based developmental strategies. This study aims for analysis of outcome and maternal health care utilization, as well as differences related to demographic and economic subgroups. Methods For univariate group comparison ANOVA method was applied and combined with Scheffe procedure and Bonferoni correction for post-hoc tests. Meanwhile, multivariate approaches through regression analysis based on insurance reimbursement data antenatal, perinatal and postnatal care were performed at the province level. Maternal mortality (MMR) and stillbirth rates were used for outcome. Demographic characteristics, availability of obstetricians (SPOG), midwifes and healthcare infrastructure were included for their determinants. Results Specialized hospital facilities (type A/B) for advanced care covered a large part of uncomplicated cases (similar to 35%). Differences between insurance membership groups (poor, non-poor) were not seen. Availability of human resources (SPOG, midwifes) (R-2 = 0.728; p<0.001) and rural setting (R-2 = 0.288; p = 0.001) are correlated with reduced insufficient referral. Their presence within provinces was related to lower occurrence of complicated cases (R-2 = 0.294; p = 0.001). However, higher SPOG rates within provinces were also related to high C-section rates (p<0.001). MMR and stillbirth rates can be predicted by availability of human resources and C-section rates explaining 49.0% of variance. Conclusions Improvement of perinatal outcome should focus on sufficient referral processes, availability of SPOG in provinces dominated by rural/remote demography and avoidance of overtreatment by high C-section rates. It is very important to regulate the education of obstetricians and gynecologists in Indonesia as well as distribution arrangements regarding to solve the problems with pregnancy complications in remote and rural areas.