A PDCA-Based Framework for Industry 4.0 Adoption: Enhancing Managerial Roles and Critical Success Factors in SMEs

Purpose: Many studies have addressed critical success factors (CSFs) in various industries and technology contexts in order to achieve successful adoption of Industry 4.0. However, there is still a gap in the literature that simultaneously examines managerial roles in digital transformation, especially in SMEs. This research aims to close that gap by creating a framework that integrates CSFs and managers roles in digital transformation in the SME, using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) approach. Design/methodology/approach: This research uses a systematic literature review approach based on PRISMA guidelines to identify CSFs using SCOPUS and IEEE databases. Findings: Sixteen CSFs were identified in this study. The study also found that the role of managers is critical in ensuring alignment between business strategy, resources, and technology and in overcoming resistance to change. The PDCA framework that was developed facilitates the transformation process through planning, execution, continuous evaluation, and innovation. Originality/value: This study makes a theoretical contribution by addressing a vacuum in the literature on the managerial role in Industry 4.0 adoption, particularly among SMEs. Practically, it offers managers solid direction on how to undertake digital transformation using an iterative, emphasizing the significance of leadership, communication, and ongoing adaptation to ensure transformation success in the dynamic SME environment. © 2025, OmniaScience. All rights reserved.