Jumina, Jumina and Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven and Lubis, Ali Bahri and Larasati, Eleonora Indira and Purwono, Bambang and Triono, Sugeng (2023) Utilization of vanillin to prepare sulfated Calix[4]resorcinarene as efficient organocatalyst for biodiesel production based on methylation of palmitic acid and oleic acid. Heliyon, 9 (5): e16100. ISSN 24058440
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Abstract
Recently, biodiesel production from palm oils has been thoroughly investigated to substitute crude oil due to its scarcity. However, the biodiesel production process is time-consuming due to its slow kinetics; thus, concentrated sulfuric acid has been used to fasten the reaction process in some industries. Unfortunately, sulfuric acid is a toxic, corrosive, and non-environmentally friendly catalyst. In this study, we prepared sulfated Calix[4]resorcinarene derived from vanillin as an efficient organocatalyst to replace sulfuric acid. The catalytic activity of sulfated Calix[4]resorcinarenes was evaluated through the methylation of palmitic acid and oleic acid as model compounds due to their abundant amounts in palm oil. The Calix[4]resorcinarene and sulfated Calix[4]resorcinarenes have been obtained through a one-pot reaction in 71.8–98.3% yield. Their chemical structures were confirmed by using FTIR, NMR and HRMS spectrometry analyses. The results showed that the sulfated Calix[4]resorcinarene exhibited high catalytic activity for methyl palmitate and methyl oleate productions in 94.8 ± 1.8 and 97.3 ± 2.1% yield, respectively, which was comparable to sulfuric acid (96.3 ± 1.8 and 95.9 ± 2.5%). The optimum condition was achieved by using 0.020 wt equivalent of organocatalyst for 6 h reaction process at 338 K. The methylation of palmitic acid and oleic acid fits well with the first-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9940–0.9999) with a reaction rate constant of 0.6055 and 1.1403 h-1, respectively. Further investigation reveals that the hydroxyl group of vanillin plays a pivotal role in the organocatalytic activity of sulfated Calix[4]resorcinarene.
Item Type: | Article |
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Additional Information: | Library Dosen |
Uncontrolled Keywords: | Biodiesel; Calix[4]resorcinarene; Methyl oleate; Methyl palmitate; Organocatalyst; Sulfated |
Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry |
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Chemistry Department |
Depositing User: | Masrumi Fathurrohmah |
Date Deposited: | 15 Jul 2024 06:47 |
Last Modified: | 15 Jul 2024 06:47 |
URI: | https://ir.lib.ugm.ac.id/id/eprint/2530 |