Development of Smart Lighting Control System for Plant Factories: An Intelligent Approach

Indonesia's agricultural landscape has undergone significant transformation, with agricultural land decreasing by 668,145 hectares since 2015 due to complex factors including farmer education, economic conditions, government policies, and population growth. This decline has exacerbated food security concerns and price volatility. To address these challenges, precision agriculture, exemplified by plant factories, presents a viable solution. This research focuses on developing a sophisticated lighting control system to optimize plant growth conditions within a plant factory environment. By meticulously controlling light intensity, duration, and spectral composition, we aim to significantly enhance crop yield and quality. Our system employs an ESP32-Devkit microcontroller and high-power MOSFETs to generate a sinusoidal irradiance pattern, mimicking natural light conditions. To evaluate system performance, we integrated a BH1750 light sensor and a DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor. The light sensor demonstrated high accuracy with RMSE, MAPE, and R-squared values of 4.34, 1.35, and 0.999, respectively. Similarly, the DHT22 exhibited reliable performance in monitoring temperature and humidity. While the developed control system effectively produced sinusoidal irradiance, further research is imperative to conclusively establish its impact on plant growth and yield. By conducting comprehensive plant trials, we aim to quantify the benefits of this innovative lighting strategy and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. on the SNI. © 2025 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.