Concomitant Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Intracranial Hemorrhages in Presentation of a Patient with Secondary Polycythemia: A Case Report

Background: Cerebral ischemia and hemorrhages were reported to be the main complications of polycythemia vera (PV). The relationship between PV and increased risk of the cerebrovascular events has been established. Some patients with secondary polycythemia have thromboembolic events comparable to those of PV. However, secondary polycythemia that leads to cerebrovascular events is uncommon. Case Report: A 35-year-old man without any prior medical history presented with mild clinical acute ischemic stroke and polycythemia. The patient then showed worsening neurological deficits that were later attributed to the concurrent cerebral venous thrombosis, which led to malignant cerebral infarction with hemorrhagic transformation, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. His polycythemia appeared to be secondary to bacterial infection. The treatments for the secondary polycythemia were first phlebotomy and intravenous hydration, followed by intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics. PV was excluded because the JAK2 V617F mutation was absent, the patient’s peripheral blood smear suggested secondary polycythemia due to bacterial infection, and there were improvements in hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, and hematocrit after intravenous antibiotics. At the 1-month follow-up, he was moderately dependent, and hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, and hematocrit were within normal limits, without receiving any further phlebotomy or cytoreductive agents. Conclusions:This case highlights the plausible causation of secondary polycythemia that could lead to concomitant cerebral thrombosis and hemorrhagic events. The diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis should be considered in a patient who presents with headache, focal neurological deficits, polycythemia, and normal head computed tomography scan.