An assessment of historical and future meteorological droughts in the tropical rainforest of Borneo, Indonesia

Drought is important for research because of its impact that propagates to various sectors, especially in tropical rainforest climates with peatland conditions such as East Kalimantan, Borneo Island, Indonesia. This paper using Mann-Kendall's Test to determine rainfall and temperature trends and using SPI and SPEI to classify drought. The objectives of this study are (1) to know the condition of rainfall and temperature over historical and future period; (2) to know the severity and mapping of meteorological drought in the historical and future using SPI and SPEI indices. This study shows that climate change has affected the distribution of rainfall intensity in some areas of east Kalimantan. It also shows the area with the maximum temperature (29 – 33oC) will be increased in the future. Therefore, SPI noted that moderate drought occurred most severely in 2013 to historical and 2028 to future period. Meanwhile, SPEI captures. © 2025 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.