Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activity ofBacillus velezensisBP1 Extract AgainstCandidaalbicans: In VitroBioassay, Metabolomics, In SilicoMolecular Docking

The biofilm-forming fungus Candida albicans is a leading cause of candidiasis disease, a condition complicated by the organism’s notable resistance to antifungal treatments. While previous studies have identified various antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus velezensis, the antibiofilm efficacy of these compounds against C. albicans has not been thoroughly explored. This study presents a novel investigation into the secondary metabolites of B. velezensis BP1, focusing specifically on their dual action as antifungal agents and antibiofilm agents against C. albicans. Unlike earlier research that primarily examined the antifungal properties of Bacillus species in isolation, this study employs a comprehensive approach that integrates in vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activity assessments, metabolomic profiling, and in silico molecular docking analyses targeting proteins involved in biofilm formation. This multifaceted methodology allows for a deeper understanding of how BP1-P (biomass) and BP1-S (supernatant) extract from B. velezensis BP1 interact with C. albicans, revealing their capacity to inhibit biofilm formation through structural damage to the fungal hyphae (inhibition of proliferation) as concentrations increase (25-400 μg mL−1). This research identifies 4 specific metabolites, betaine, oleamide, l-phenylalanine, and l-pyroglutamic acid that exhibit antifungal properties and demonstrate binding affinity to target proteins associated with biofilm development. The use of advanced imaging techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) further distinguishes this study by providing visual confirmation of the morphological changes induced by treatment with BP1 extracts. Thus, BP1-P and BP1-S extract from B. velezensis BP1 can act as an effective antifungal and antibiofilm against C. albicans. © 2025, Walailak University. All rights reserved.