Double-Coated Nanoparticle of Ribosome Inactivating Protein (RIP) from Mirabilis jalapa L. prepared from Chitosan-Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Alginate-Calcium Chloride: The New Strategy for Protein Drug in Oral Delivery

Oral delivery of protein drugs is challenging due to the instability of the compound and structural barrier exists in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Nanoparticle technology is known as a promising drug delivery strategy to ensure drug bioavailability. This study aims to formulate an oral delivery system of a potential anticancer agent named Ribosome Inactivating Protein from Mirabilis jalapa L.-C (RIP MJ-C) through double-coated nanoparticles prepared from Chitosan-Sodium Tripolyphosphate (TPP) and Alginate-Calcium Chloride (CaCl2). Nanoparticles were prepared through the ionic gelation method, with the core nanoparticle (RMJCN-1) formulated in the pH of 3.5-5.5 using 0.3-0.5 w/v of chitosan and 0.03 w/v TPP. The RMJCN-1 optimum formula was selected to be subsequently coated with the second layer of alginate and CaCl2, called RMJCN-2, with a concentration of 0.3 w/v and 0.1-0.3 , respectively. The sample was characterized by the entrapment efficiency (EE), physical appearance, particle size, polydispersity index (PI), and potential zetta. The result showed the optimum RMJCN-1 formula with of EE value of 57.10 ± 0.04 was obtained by formulating 0.5 w/v chitosan and 0.3 w/v STPP in pH 5.5. The optimum RMJCN-2 was obtained by the combination of alginate 0.3 w/v and CaCl2 0.1 w/v in the outer layer. This final formula produces nanoparticles with a zeta potential of -14.4 mV, 739.8 nm in size, with good stability during 7 days at room temperature. This study has successfully developed a formulation of double-coated nanoparticles from Chitosan-TPP and Alginat-CaCl2 for RIP MJ-C, leads to a safe nanocarrier system for oral delivery of RIP MJ-C that ensures its bioavailability. © 2023 The Authors, published by EDP Sciences.