How Local Pollution and Transboundary Air Pollution Impact Air Quality in Jakarta?

Jakarta’s rapid population growth and industrialization have severely impacted air quality, with limited monitoring stations and increasingly complex pollutant sources influenced by meteorological factors. Source apportionment studies are critical for addressing urban air quality issues because knowing the source of pollution is an important step in overcoming urban air quality problems. This study uses the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) models to analyze the distribution and sources of NO2, SO2, and CO in Jakarta and surrounding areas. Data includes spatial information from road networks, industries, and the energy sector during the wet (December) and dry (June) months of 2023. GWR results show that network density significantly contributes to pollutant concentrations, particularly during the dry month, while industrial and energy sectors display seasonal variations. The HYSPLIT model indicates that in December, air masses carrying pollutants mainly originate from the northwest and north, and in June, from the southeast and southwest. These patterns underscore the regional influence of transboundary air pollution from industrial and energy plants. The combined GWR and HYSPLIT findings provide a comprehensive understanding of air pollution dynamics and the critical role of meteorological factors in pollutant distribution.