The development of the ultrasonic flowmeter sensors for mass flow rate measurement: A comprehensive review

A two-phase flow measuring device whose measurement system does not disturb the flow pattern, real-time measurement, and non-destructive measurement or non-intrusive model is a typical tool for an ideal situation. One measuring instrument that meets these criteria is an ultrasonic flow meter. Ultrasonic sensors can measure the velocity of fluid flow in pipelines. It has the advantage of high accuracy and reproducibility and does not make direct physical contact with the fluid in the pipe. Low fabrication costs and fast response make ultrasonic flowmeters widely used for two-phase flow measurements in both horizontal and vertical orientations. The void fraction or liquid holdup and velocity are the two most essential parameters for flow monitoring. The Time of Flight (ToF) method is mainly used for measurements in several ultrasonic flowmeter methods. In the present manuscript, the introductory section of this review explains the advantages of using the Time of Flight (ToF) method and its basic principles. This review also discusses research on measuring velocity and flow rate, differences in intrusive and non-intrusive measurement methods, parameters that affect ultrasonic measurements, and finally, measuring film thickness using non-intrusive methods. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd