The effects of voltage, particle size, and temperature on bio-oil yield produced via pyrolysis of Sargassum sp

The energy demand is increasing due to population growth and economic activities. Currently, global energy production, including in Indonesia, heavily relies on fossil fuels like petroleum, which are depleting day by day. One renewable energy form for the future is bio-oil, produced through pyrolysis using biomass as raw material. Macroalgae biomass, particularly Sargassum sp., is a sustainable and net-zero emission source for renewable energy. Pyrolysis is a promising technique to convert Sargassum sp. into high-value charcoal, gas, and bio-oil with less than 20 moisture content. Experimental research was conducted using a simple slow pyrolysis setup, using Sargassum sp. from Pantai Trenggole, Gunung Kidul. Proximate analysis showed Sargassum sp. contains ash, water, volatile matter (Vm), fixed carbon (FC), and calorific value of 15.428, 6.032, 40.222, 38.318, and 2161.758 cal/g respectively. Regarding the experiment results, the maximum bio-oil yield was obtained at 200 V with a yield of 27.289. For the particle size variable, the maximum bio-oil yield was achieved with particles of 10-40 mesh, resulting in 27.289 yield. Regarding the temperature variable, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained at 600 °C with a yield of 29.362.