The employment of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and GC-MS combined with chemometrics for rapid detection of adulteration of pork oil in Gabus fish oil (Channa striata) for halal authentication

Background: The muslim population is very concerned about halal food. Nowadays, there is a growing awareness among consumers regarding the adulteration of food. High-quality Gabus fish oil (halal) is very susceptible to being
adulterated with Pork oil (non-halal) by unethical producers to gain greater profits.
Aim: The research objective was to use Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR)
spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with chemometrics for the analysis of pork oil adulteration in Gabus fish oil.

Methods: Extraction of Gabus fish oil using the pressing method and pork oil using the soxhlet method. The oil
components extracted were then analyzed using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics of linear
discriminant analysis (LDA) and multivariate calibrations of partial least square (PLS) and principle component
regression (PCR) using optimized conditions. The GC-MS data from methyl ester were processed using chemometrics
principal component analysis (PCA) to group Gabus fish oil, pork oil, and palm oil.

Results: The absorbance values at wavenumber regions of 1,500–1,000 cm−1 were selected for discrimination between
Gabus fish oil and Gabus fish oil adulterated with pork oil using chemometrics of LDA. The LDA applied to the same
wavenumber regions used in the quantitative analysis successfully classified Gabus fish oil, pork oil, and a Gabuspork oil mixture with an accuracy of 100%. The prediction of pork oil was successfully determined using multivariate calibrations of PLS and PCR using optimized conditions. There are three fatty acid markers found in Gabus fish oil caprylic acid, pentadecanoic acid and arachidic acid. The PCA was applied for data GC-MS interpretation. An analysis by PCA was able to cluster and discriminate Gabus fish oil, pork oil, and palm oil.

Conclusion: FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and GC-MS coupled with chemometrics is a rapid and accurate method for
detecting and quantifying pork oil in Gabus fish oil for halal authentication