Ferrous fumarate nanoliposomes: Formulation, characterization, and diffusion profiles

To assess the effect of cholesterol concentration in the preparation of ferrous fumarate nanoliposome toward its physicochemical properties and stability. Nanoliposomes were produced with cholesterol concentrations of 8, 12, and 16 mg using the thin film hydration method. The ultrasonic dispersion method and mini extruders were used to reduce the particle size. The nanoliposome were evaluated for their physical properties, encapsulation efficiency, stability, and transport in the in vitro model of skin absorption. Formula 3 showed the smallest size results, with spherical multilamellar vesicle globules with a relatively dense matrix structure and even distribution between particles with a positive zeta potential value with an encapsulation efficiency percentage value of 61.67 ± 0.50 and a cumulative amount penetrated at the second hour of 442.077 mcg/cm2 ± 17.270 with a flux value of 14.575 mcg/cm−2/hour−1. Formulation 3 with higher cholesterol concentration showed better physical characteristics, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro skin penetration compared to formulations with lower cholesterol concentration. © 2024 Arman Suryani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).