Development of a methodology based on headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry for the rapid detection and determination of patin fish oil adulterated with palm oil

The present research intends to develop a new method based on headspace-gas
chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) for the detection and determination of
patin fish oil adulterated with different percentages of palm oil, because it is a cheaper vegetable
oil. Five variables that affect headspace generation (incubation time and temperature, amount of
sample, injection volume, and pre-heating time) have been optimized by means of a
Box Behnken design in combination with Response Surface Methodology. Then, repeatability
and intermediate precision have been studied where coefficients of variation lower than 10% were
obtained. This new method has been applied to several samples of patin fish oil adulterated with
palm oil at 20 different levels (5–50% palm oil content). The results have confirmed the suitability
of the HS-GC-IMS for a rapid, easy, and reliable detection and discrimination of adulterated oil
samples since a characteristic fingerprint that allows 100% successful discrimination between adulterated
and unadulterated patin oil samples was achieved. Finally, a regression model has been developed to determine each sample’s adulteration level with an error lower than 10% and a coefficient
of determination greater than 0.95